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Lesson on Paget’s Disease of Bone (PDB) (also known as Osteitis Deformans), including epidemiology, causes, stages of pathogenesis, signs & symptoms, complications, diagnosis & treatment.

Paget’s disease of bone is a relatively common bone disease that primarily affects older individuals. There are proposed genetic and/or environmental causes. In this lesson, we discuss the proposed causes, along with the different stages of the disease, areas of the body affected, signs and symptoms, complications, laboratory and radiological findings, and how we diagnose and treat Paget’s disease of bone.

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**MEDICAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, and information presented here is NOT TO BE USED as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal.

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Check out some of my other lessons.

Medical Terminology – The Basics – Lesson 1:

Infectious Disease Playlist

Dermatology Playlist

Pharmacology Playlist

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Rheumatology Playlist

Endocrinology Playlist

Nephrology Playlist

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*Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.*

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Legionnaires’ Disease | Causes, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Legionnaires’ Disease is an atypical pneumonia caused by a gram negative bacterial infection. The bacteria that cause Legionnaires’ Disease is infamous for being spread through aerosolized droplets of water from contaminated sources included air conditioning units, hot tubs, etc. In this lesson, we discuss in more detail the transmission of Legionnaires’ Disease, along with some of the pathophysiology, the signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed and how it is treated.

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**MEDICAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, and information presented here is NOT TO BE USED as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal.

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Gout disease is a common form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of painful joint pain. Category: bone, joint and muscles disorder, metabolic disorders.
This video is available for instant download licensing here: https://www.alilamedicalmedia.com/-/galleries/all-animations/bones-joints-and-muscles-videos/-/medias/80aa2353-eb45-4806-b4f2-5fa829b2e2b7-gout-narrated-animation
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Voice by : Marty Henne
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All images/videos by Alila Medical Media are for information purposes ONLY and are NOT intended to replace professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
Cushing syndrome is a group of conditions caused by high levels of circulating cortisol or related corticosteroids.
A gout attack occurs suddenly, often at night. The affected joint is swollen, red and warm to touch. The initial attack usually involves only one joint, most often in the big toe, and lasts a few days. Subsequent flares may involve multiple joints and can last for weeks, with shorter intervals of remission in between.
Gout is caused by deposits of urate crystals in the joints, which may happen when blood levels of uric acid are too high. Uric acid is a waste product from the breakdown of purines, a major component of DNA and RNA. Because body’s cells are constantly renewed, uric acid is constantly produced and removed in urine. High serum urate level may result from decreased urate excretion, increased urate production, and/or overconsumption of purines.
The most common cause is the kidney’s decreased ability to excrete uric acid, which can be hereditary, or a result of kidney diseases, medications such as diuretics, alcohol use, or lead poisoning. Increased production of urate may occur in conditions with abnormally high cellular turnover or cell death, or in obesity, as urate production increases with greater body surface area. Overconsumption of purine-rich foods can contribute to higher urate level, but is rarely the only cause.
High concentration of urate promotes its precipitation and formation of crystals in joints, causing inflammation and pain. Because uric acid crystals form more easily in cooler temperatures, gout more often affects joints of the extremities. Urate crystals may also deposit under the skin around the joints, forming hard lumps, called tophi, that are not usually painful but can limit joint motions and lead to deformities. Joint damage caused by gout also increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis. In the kidneys, urate deposits may form stones, blocking urine flow.
Gout is more common in men. It often starts in middle age in men, and after menopause in women. Other risk factors include diets, obesity, other health conditions, family history, and surgery or trauma.
Diagnosis requires detection of urate crystals in synovial joint fluid. Because not all people with high serum urate levels develop gout, a blood test alone is not sufficient for diagnosis.
Acute gout attacks are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as NSAIDs, regular use of which may also help prevent or reduce frequency of attacks. Because tophi can be dissolved by lowering serum urate, medications that block urate production or increase urate excretion may be used for this purpose.
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Gout may be triggered by an increasing level of uric acid in our body. It guarantees an intense pain usually at the big toe joints and is more likely to flare at night (approximately 2.4 times more frequent than the daytime). This is because the concentration of uric acid increases while we’re sleeping. While asleep, through breathing and sweating, our body loses moisture. Less water content in the blood equals higher concentration of uric acid and may lead to hyperuricemia, the precursor to gout.

Holding our breath while sleeping is out of the option so the other factor that we can control to manage our uric acid level is through diet. Avoid eating a diet rich in red meat and seafood with high purine content. It’s also highly risky to consume alcohol and beverages sweetened with fruit sugar. Further treatment includes several types of drugs that can block the uric acid production such as Allopurinol and Febuxostat.

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REFERENCES:
Purines made in the body
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527315303429
Extra urate is flushed out through urine
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/aa15402
Foods with high purine content
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322590
Gout Diet
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/gout-diet/art-20048524
General
https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/gout.html
https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/gout
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gout/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4755-gout

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Middle Ear Infection (Acute Otitis Media) | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Middle ear infections (also known as acute otitis media) are relatively common infections of the middle ear, causing inflammation and fluid buildup behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane). Middle ear infections are caused by a variety of microbes, including bacteria and some viruses. There are a variety of risk factors for getting middle ear infections, including exposure to second-hand smoke. In this lesson we discuss the exact causes of a middle ear infection, including a long list of risk factors, signs and symptoms, how it’s diagnosed and how it’s treated.

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**MEDICAL LEGAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY, and information presented here is NOT TO BE USED as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal.

Only a physician or other licensed healthcare professional are able to determine the requirement for medical assistance to be given to a patient. Please seek the advice of your physician or other licensed healthcare provider if you have any questions regarding a medical condition.

EXCLAIMER: The content used in this lesson is used in accordance with Fair Use laws and is intended for educational purposes only.

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I hope you find this lesson helpful. If you do, please consider liking, subscribing and clicking the notification bell to help support the channel and stay up-to-date on future lessons.

JJ

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*Check Out Some of My Other Lessons*

Medical Terminology – The Basics – Lesson 1:

Infectious Disease Playlist

Dermatology Playlist

Pharmacology Playlist

Hematology Playlist

Rheumatology Playlist

Endocrinology Playlist

Nephrology Playlist

Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway:

Wnt/B Catenin Signaling Pathway:

Upper vs. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions:

Lesson on the Purine Synthesis and Salvage Pathway:

Gastrulation | Formation of Germ Layers:

Introductory lesson on Autophagy (Macroautophagy):

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I am always looking for ways to improve my lessons! Please don’t hesitate to leave me feedback and comments – all of your feedback is greatly appreciated! 🙂 And please don’t hesitate to send me any messages if you need any help – I will try my best to be here to help you guys 🙂

Thanks for watching! If you found this video helpful, please like and subscribe! JJ
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DISCLAIMER: This video is for educational purposes only and information in this lesson SHOULD NOT be used for medical purposes alone. Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.

How to Relieve Ear Infection Pain. Part of the series: Ear Care & Treatments. In order to relieve ear infection pain, it is important to distinguish between the two kinds of infections. Relieve your ear infection pain with tips from a practicing pediatrician in this free video on ear care.
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