Gout disease is a common form of inflammatory arthritis characterized by recurrent attacks of painful joint pain. Category: bone, joint and muscles disorder, metabolic disorders.
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Cushing syndrome is a group of conditions caused by high levels of circulating cortisol or related corticosteroids.
A gout attack occurs suddenly, often at night. The affected joint is swollen, red and warm to touch. The initial attack usually involves only one joint, most often in the big toe, and lasts a few days. Subsequent flares may involve multiple joints and can last for weeks, with shorter intervals of remission in between.
Gout is caused by deposits of urate crystals in the joints, which may happen when blood levels of uric acid are too high. Uric acid is a waste product from the breakdown of purines, a major component of DNA and RNA. Because body’s cells are constantly renewed, uric acid is constantly produced and removed in urine. High serum urate level may result from decreased urate excretion, increased urate production, and/or overconsumption of purines.
The most common cause is the kidney’s decreased ability to excrete uric acid, which can be hereditary, or a result of kidney diseases, medications such as diuretics, alcohol use, or lead poisoning. Increased production of urate may occur in conditions with abnormally high cellular turnover or cell death, or in obesity, as urate production increases with greater body surface area. Overconsumption of purine-rich foods can contribute to higher urate level, but is rarely the only cause.
High concentration of urate promotes its precipitation and formation of crystals in joints, causing inflammation and pain. Because uric acid crystals form more easily in cooler temperatures, gout more often affects joints of the extremities. Urate crystals may also deposit under the skin around the joints, forming hard lumps, called tophi, that are not usually painful but can limit joint motions and lead to deformities. Joint damage caused by gout also increases the risk of developing osteoarthritis. In the kidneys, urate deposits may form stones, blocking urine flow.
Gout is more common in men. It often starts in middle age in men, and after menopause in women. Other risk factors include diets, obesity, other health conditions, family history, and surgery or trauma.
Diagnosis requires detection of urate crystals in synovial joint fluid. Because not all people with high serum urate levels develop gout, a blood test alone is not sufficient for diagnosis.
Acute gout attacks are treated with anti-inflammatory drugs, such as NSAIDs, regular use of which may also help prevent or reduce frequency of attacks. Because tophi can be dissolved by lowering serum urate, medications that block urate production or increase urate excretion may be used for this purpose.
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Gout may be triggered by an increasing level of uric acid in our body. It guarantees an intense pain usually at the big toe joints and is more likely to flare at night (approximately 2.4 times more frequent than the daytime). This is because the concentration of uric acid increases while we’re sleeping. While asleep, through breathing and sweating, our body loses moisture. Less water content in the blood equals higher concentration of uric acid and may lead to hyperuricemia, the precursor to gout.

Holding our breath while sleeping is out of the option so the other factor that we can control to manage our uric acid level is through diet. Avoid eating a diet rich in red meat and seafood with high purine content. It’s also highly risky to consume alcohol and beverages sweetened with fruit sugar. Further treatment includes several types of drugs that can block the uric acid production such as Allopurinol and Febuxostat.

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REFERENCES:
Purines made in the body
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167527315303429
Extra urate is flushed out through urine
https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/aa15402
Foods with high purine content
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322590
Gout Diet
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/gout-diet/art-20048524
General
https://www.cdc.gov/arthritis/basics/gout.html
https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/gout
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/gout/
https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4755-gout

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Middle Ear Infection (Acute Otitis Media) | Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment

Middle ear infections (also known as acute otitis media) are relatively common infections of the middle ear, causing inflammation and fluid buildup behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane). Middle ear infections are caused by a variety of microbes, including bacteria and some viruses. There are a variety of risk factors for getting middle ear infections, including exposure to second-hand smoke. In this lesson we discuss the exact causes of a middle ear infection, including a long list of risk factors, signs and symptoms, how it’s diagnosed and how it’s treated.

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How to Relieve Ear Infection Pain. Part of the series: Ear Care & Treatments. In order to relieve ear infection pain, it is important to distinguish between the two kinds of infections. Relieve your ear infection pain with tips from a practicing pediatrician in this free video on ear care.
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Genital herpes symptoms and treatments for women – Dr. Jennifer Wu

Approximately 20% of American women are infected with the genital herpes virus. OB/GYN Dr. Jennifer Wu of Lenox Hill Hospital in New York explains what you need to know about identifying and coping with genital herpes.
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Dr. Shalaka illustrates about causes of STDs, sexually transmitted disease, symptoms and what tests are conducted to diagnose STD such as HPV, genital warts etc. She also briefs on taking preventive measures such as timely vaccinations can improve quality of life. Watch!

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Your body’s immune system protects you from disease and infection. But if you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Autoimmune diseases can affect many parts of the body.

No one is sure what causes autoimmune diseases. They do tend to run in families. Women – particularly African-American, Hispanic-American, and Native-American women – have a higher risk for some autoimmune diseases.

There are more than 80 types of autoimmune diseases, and some have similar symptoms. This makes it hard for your health care provider to know if you really have one of these diseases, and if so, which one. Getting a diagnosis can be frustrating and stressful. Often, the first symptoms are fatigue, muscle aches and a low fever. The classic sign of an autoimmune disease is inflammation, which can cause redness, heat, pain and swelling.

The diseases may also have flare-ups, when they get worse, and remissions, when symptoms get better or disappear. Treatment depends on the disease, but in most cases one important goal is to reduce inflammation. Sometimes doctors prescribe corticosteroids or other drugs that reduce your immune response.
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Lesson on Hepatic Stigmata and the clinical signs and symptoms of liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatitis. The liver has many critical functions for maintaining health and well-being. If liver function is impaired, many signs and symptoms (stigmata) can occur.

In this lesson, you will learn a list of clinical signs and symptoms of hepatic (liver) disease, and you will also learn why these signs and symptoms occur and the pathogenesis surrounding these clinical issues.

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Check out some of my other lessons.

Medical Terminology – The Basics – Lesson 1:

Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway:

Wnt/B Catenin Signaling Pathway:

Upper vs. Lower Motor Neuron Lesions:

Lesson on the Purine Synthesis and Salvage Pathway:

Gastrulation | Formation of Germ Layers:

Introductory lesson on Autophagy (Macroautophagy):

Infectious Disease Playlist

Dermatology Playlist

Pharmacology Playlist

Hematology Playlist

Rheumatology Playlist

Endocrinology Playlist

Nephrology Playlist

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**MEDICAL DISCLAIMER**: JJ Medicine does not provide medical advice, and the information available on this channel does not offer a diagnosis or advice regarding treatment. Information presented in these lessons is for educational purposes ONLY, and information presented here is not to be used as an alternative to a healthcare professional’s diagnosis and treatment of any person/animal.

Only a physician or other licensed healthcare professional are able to determine the requirement for medical assistance to be given to a patient. Please seek the advice of your physician or other licensed healthcare provider if you have any questions regarding a medical condition.

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*Although I try my best to present accurate information, there may be mistakes in this video. If you do see any mistakes with information in this lesson, please comment and let me know.*

I am always looking for ways to improve my lessons! Please don’t hesitate to leave me feedback and comments – all of your feedback is greatly appreciated! 🙂 And please don’t hesitate to send me any messages if you need any help – I will try my best to be here to help you guys 🙂

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Mild Cognitive Impairment? (Symptoms, Causes, Treatment, Prevention) – https://healthery.com/health/mild-cognitive-impairment/

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Individuals experience minimal memory loss and episodes of unclear thinking. It doesn’t prevent daily activities and does not require a caregiver. Those with this condition usually realize they are having memory problems.

What are the Symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment? There are two distinct types called amnestic and nonamnestic. Amnestic symptoms include memory loss, such as forgetting a name or appointment. Nonamnestic symptoms include decision making problems & a lack of organization. Those diagnosed should visit a medical professional once or twice a year. The visit is for testing and to make sure the condition is not getting worse.

What are the Causes of Mild Cognitive Impairment? The causes of MCI are not fully understood. It is thought that the early stages lead to a more serious disorder, such as: Alzheimer’s, but this may not always be the case. Several factors increase an individual’s risk of developing MCI. These risk factors are the same as for dementia. The risk of developing MCI increases with age and may have a genetic component. Including a family history of Alzheimer’s disease or dementia. As well as age-related cognitive decline, are most at risk. People at risk of developing cardiovascular disease are also at most risk. This may be because cardiovascular issues can affect blood flow to the brain. Which potentially deprives the brain of oxygen and other nutrients. Over time this may result in cell death. Specific risk factors for cardiovascular disease include: Obesity, smoking, consuming large amounts of alcohol and eating unhealthy diets.

How is Mild Cognitive Impairment Treated? There is no medical treatment for Mild Cognitive Impairment. It’s recommended to change daily habits to slow down memory loss. Such treatments include daily exercise and eating nutritious meals. Which include lean protein, vegetables, fruits and grains. It’s suggested to routinely stimulate the mind with mental & social activities. Examples include working on crossword puzzles and conversing with other people.

How is Mild Cognitive Impairment Prevented? Studies show that lowering blood pressure is an effective way of preventing MCI. Reducing the amount of fat in your diet, lowering your cholesterol levels and cutting back salt intake are all steps toward controlling blood pressure. Physical exercise is particularly important in the prevention of MCI. Causing brain cell growth, making it more efficient at using the cells it has. Studies show that exercise slows down cognitive decline and can reverse it. As well as dementia, Alzheimer’s and other age-related cognitive issues. However, such preventive measure cannot remove the risk completely.

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Dr. Sarah Morrow, a neurologist in the Multiple Sclerosis Clinic at London Health Sciences Centre, discusses specialized treatment for patients experiencing cognitive impairment.
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James E. Harris Jr., M.D., Johns Hopkins general surgeon practicing at Howard County General Hospital, describes what an inguinal hernia is, as well as the symptoms and treatment options.

For more information about general surgery at Howard County General Hospital, a member of Johns Hopkins Medicine, please visit http://www.hcgh.org/generalsurgery.
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Think having a hernia repaired is going to be a walk in the park — or that you’ll be ready to take a walk in the park within hours afterward? It may be time for a reality check, a Mayo Clinic study suggests. Researchers found that though patients tend to expect to return to normal activities swiftly after laparoscopic ventral hernia repair, many of those studied were still experiencing pain and fatigue several days later. People under 60 and women in particular seemed to have more prolonged recoveries. For more information, go to the Mayo Clinic News Network. Study Author Juliane Bingener-Casey provides some perspective.

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